The Evolution and Diversification of 3D Scanning Technology
in the AEC Industry
Not too long ago, 3D laser scanning was a specialized tool, reserved exclusively for the largest surveying firms and used on niche projects for the sole purpose of data collection. However, in a remarkably short time, this technology has evolved to become a standard tool for surveyors and has been adopted by a wide range of professionals across the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.
So, how has 3D laser scanning made this leap from a niche tool to an everyday necessity? The answer lies in several key advancements and innovations, particularly in hardware form factors, software evolution, and cloud collaboration.
Hardware Form Factor
The journey of 3D laser scanners began in 1992 with the first commercially available scanner, the Siosic which was then acquired by Trimble, 11 years later. This early scanner could only capture data at a rate of 100 points per second with a maximum range of 10 meters, and each scan took over an hour to complete.
Fast forward to today, modern scanners can capture between 1 and 3 million points per second, with ranges from 100 meters to over 1000 meters, thanks to continuous improvements by manufacturers.
Several significant milestones have shaped the hardware evolution of the 3D scanners we have today:
2006 The Leica HDS 6000 was released, featuring a full 360×270-degree field of view.
2009 The Leica P20 broke through the 1 million points per second barrier.
2013 FARO introduced a compact, affordable scanner, breaking the price barrier and opening up the market to more users.
2019 Trimble released the X7, featuring built-in calibration and survey-grade compensators.
The majority of these advancements have focused primarily on improving, speed, density, and, to a lesser extent, accuracy. While these improvements are impressive, the practical benefits of further enhancing these features going forward will be less significant and offer less of a practical improvement to users other than making file sizes larger. Instead, the most significant hardware advancements today are those that enable scanners to enter new markets and diversify applications.
A prime example is the inclusion of a survey-grade compensators in scanners. These compensators indirectly allow for real-time, accurate alignment without the need for extensive post-processing using survey control points. For instance, the Trimble X7 uses a built-in laser pointer to perform a resection, aligning the scanner in the field to known survey points. With this workflow you immediately have a point cloud that is accurate enough to meet the required standards for in-field analysis, such as as-built verification and deviation analysis, reducing turnaround times and expanding 3D scanning applications beyond simple data collection.
This functionality also supports the aligning of the vertical plane to fit that of a design model, all done in the field. So now industries that require quick dimensional checks of components in various orientations, such as steel fabrication, shipbuilding, etc have become customers of this technology.
Software Evolution and Computing Power
For many years, point cloud processing and analysis were limited to specialized software applications. However, as computing power has increased, the ability to integrate point cloud data into mainstream software has expanded.
Today, most software used in the AEC industry can consume point cloud data, making this information accessible regardless of the preferred office software. This capability extends to widely used applications like Trimble SketchUp, ensuring that point cloud data is no longer restricted to high-end, expensive technical packages.
The return to using tablets and field devices to operate scanners marks another significant evolution. While early scanners required laptops for operation, modern devices like the Trimble X7 and X9 use tablets, making the scanning process more user-friendly and accessible to those without a surveying background by interacting with the scanner via an industry specific application.
This integration allows general contractors, for example, to check the position and plumb of columns and walls before concrete pours or verify the levelness of a concrete floor before it sets.
By coupling scanners with appropriate software and tablets, the emphasis shifts from the hardware itself to the application and interpretation of the data. This shift makes investing in 3D scanning technology a strategic decision to gain a competitive advantage rather than a purely technical one.
Cloud Collaboration and Technology Integration
Despite the widespread ability to process point clouds, sharing these large files can be challenging. However, with the advent of numerous cloud platforms, users can now view and interact with scan data without needing to download it.
Mobile scanners like NavVis offer cloud-based platforms that enable users to access digital twins of assets remotely. This approach is highly scalable, allowing multiple users to access a single data set simultaneously from various locations worldwide under a single platform license.
Common data environments and project management tools, such as Trimble Connect, further enhance collaboration by enabling the sharing and interrogation of point clouds across a project team without the need for significant software investments. Hardware like the Trimble X7 scanner can also leverage the cloud by linking design files from Trimble Connect and automatically syncing and backing up scan data directly from the scanner’s field tablet.
The integration of 3D scanning technology with other technologies, such as LiDAR sensors in handheld devices like iPads or iPhones, also supports the advancement of parallel technologies like augmented reality. Equipment like Trimble SiteVision makes practical use of 3D scanning for Augmented reality viewing applications as well as data collection where moderate accuracy is sufficient, opening up even more possibilities for the future.
Summary
In summary, 3D scanning has evolved considerably over the past 20 years, with its applications diversifying far beyond its original use as a niche data collection tool. This diversification has made the decision to invest in such technology less of a challenge. However, with more options available, choosing the most appropriate scanner for your specific application has become more critical than ever.
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